Hotel Reservation System Thesis - 1089 Words

DATA FLOW DIADRAM Flow Chart Data Flow Diagram Client ID Vacant Room New Records Encoded Room Status Updated Room Status Saved Room Status Database INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT (IPO) Fig. 1.4 PROGRAM FLOWCHART STI College Tagatay Center: Tagaytay User View Interface Subject Code: Advance Programming Group Name:†¦show more content†¦Cancellation 48 hours or less Prior to Scheduled Arrival: For cancellations received within 48 hours of the scheduled arrival, the guest shall be responsible for the first night charges or forfeit the deposit. B. Problems Encountered C. General Problem: D. The main problem of this study is the inaccurate reservation of the customer. E. Specific problem: F. 1. Low in security G. 2. Time monitoring H. 3. Less data integrity I. 4. Difficulty in searching and retrieving files J. 5. Possible loss of records and retrieving files K. 6. Difficulty in finding the availability of rooms III. Proposed System A. Objectives A.1 General Objective: This study aims to solve the problems encountered and to change the manual reservation. A.2 Specific Objective: 1. To increase the security between the management and staff. 2. To lessen time consume. 3. To highly integrate data. 4. To spend less time in searching and retrieving of files. 5. To create a back up of files in every successful transaction. 6. To become make easier to find the availability rooms. B. Declarative Statement of proposed system The first process that will occur in the proposed system is the inquiries of the customers. All inquiries will be recorded in the systemShow MoreRelatedLan-Based Reservation System for Hacienda Gracia Resort and Hotel11674 Words   |  47 Pagesobserved in businesses or companies such as hotels, schools, resorts, and even shopping malls. Relative to the researchers study, this technology will be implemented to a resort and hotel for reservation processes. A resort is a place used for  relaxation  or  recreation, where visitors are being attracted to take their  holiday  or  vacation. It refers to places, towns or sometimes commercial establishments operated by a single company. On the other hand, a hotel is differentiated as an establishment thatRead MoreBaque-Manalang Dental Clinic Online Reservation4720 Words   |  19 PagesThe use of online services nowadays becomes more necessary in the various fields. It is because of the advantage and useful effects to many people when it comes to online reservation because our society is facing rapid growths of need, availability and development of different commercial web-based application. The online reservation services differ from the traditional mode in the capacity to provide services regardless of temporal and spatial constraints. They are also different from traditional interpersonalRead MoreHotel Reservation and Billing System2300 Words   |  10 Pagestime saving process. 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PERALTA JR. 2011-2012 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM Introduction Throughout historyRead MoreE-Tourism : the Role of Ict in Tourism Industry,4044 Words   |  17 Pagesthe Internet and the World Wide Web both in the home and in the workplace, and the opportunities presented by falling hardware and communications costs, the potential now exists for tourism suppliers to both distribute information to and process reservations from customers directly. In his paper by considering some of the trends shaping modern business strategies such as the mass customization of services, the interactive design of products with customers, the service envelope around the most basicRead MoreHospitality Operations Management4189 Words   |  17 Pagesfunctions, such as the use of capacity management, is essential for operations manager to create a more effective and efficient operation. At the same time, it helps to increase service quality and generate higher profitability. 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An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes Free Essays

Dr. Ron Holt is a dignified socio-cultural anthropologist specializing in applied fieldwork and tribal politics. He currently resides in northern Utah as a professor (among many other things) at Weber State University where he educates young minds on the world of anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collection of information in this text covers every important aspect of the life of the American Indian Paiute tribe with a main emphasis on their introduction to the Anglo-Americans. Throughout the text Dr. Holt emphasizes many occurrences regarding the co-existence of American Indians and Anglo Americans and despite a few positive outcomes, nearly every influential aspect of the whites is to be understood as a negative one. Dr. Holt vividly depicts the introduction of the white man and makes a valid point in designating who the instigator of the degradation of the Paiutes was. A main emphasis on his writing of this book is to display the truth behind the Paiute struggles and reveal what they went through as a people. Before the publishing date of this text in 1992 the life of the Paiutes had been vaguely documented. Through personal field work, material in the LDS archives, the Smithsonian Institute and many other sources such as journals and university archives, Dr. Holt was able to obtain a topical and chronological collection of information regarding the entire known existence of the Utah Paiutes since the year they were first witnessed in 1776. In 1981 while teaching at Southern Utah College (now Southern Utah University) Dr. Holt was asked by a local Paiute tribesman to research a potential reservation plan for the Utah Paiutes, an American Indian band of that area. This being an opportunity for Dr. Holt to produce a dissertation for his schooling he took the offer and ultimately produced a one-of-a-kind collection of American Indian knowledge. Through extensive field work and research, material was gathered and organized into data pertaining to the lives of the Paiutes. From this collection the text BENEATH THESE RED CLIFFS was produced. The beginning of the first chapter in this text introduces the reader to a specific way of life for a specific kind of people. After obtaining a feeling of understanding and curiosity about the Paiutes, the text throws the reader into an eternal downward spiral of bad news and depression. As documented, within a very short one hundred and fifty year span, the proud native people of southern Utah were greatly reduced in numbers and transformed from successful hunter-gatherers into beggars and seasonal or part-time workers. The main cause of their depression is seriously attributed to the settlement of the Mormons in the southern Utah area. The Paiutes were a dark skinned people that had a historical religious meaning to the Mormons known as Lamanites. From this historical belief the Mormons decided the Paiutes needed to be educated and â€Å"saved† from whatever their previous way of life was. Although the church believed they were doing good by taking over control of the Paiutes they conveniently turned a blind eye to the side effects of assimilation and paternalism which ultimately led to the downfall of the Paiute Nation. They were forced to beg for much of what they lived on because their foraging lands were being dominated by grazing cattle and incoming settlers. To add to their list of troubles in the 1800’s the Paiutes had to deal with population declination due to New Mexican and Ute slave trafficking. Targeting mainly female children and women, the reproduction rate of the Paiutes was severely crippled. With ratios of nearly two-to-one for men to women, the Paiutes had limited means of procreation. Without women to gather food and mate with the tribe was staring death in the face. After the catastrophic introduction to whites and slavery pre 1900s, a surviving life style for the Paiutes started to become a little more manageable. Ironically during the Great American Depression in the 1930’s and 1940’s the Paiutes struggled a little less because the rest of the American nation had it so hard. Through manual labor for the Mormons and seasonal foraging for Pine Nuts and other edibles, the Paiutes survived living one day at a time, but this was to be short lived. In the 1950’s the government decided to â€Å"Terminate† all American tribes deemed capable of surviving on their own. Termination was a swift process that was intended to initiate capable American Indians to the stature of a Citizen of The United States of America; the Paiutes were not prepared for the termination bill, but in 1957 it happened anyway. The bill organized a support system for the new way of life that all terminated American Indians would have to assist them with the transformation. The structure of this ingenious plan consisted of three support organizations: The BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs) withdrawal office, an educational and vocational training program held by the University of Utah and the BIA relocation program. The Paiutes were now no longer part of a tribe; they were instead â€Å"Citizens of The State,† who were subject to state laws, federal taxes and state taxes. After termination the Paiutes were desperate for a substantial income. Their bands had inhabited over nearly 30 million acres of land in areas including four states: Arizona, California, Utah and Nevada; this was without a doubt their most valuable asset. In 1965, after a long demeaning process, the Paiutes agreed to sell 26. 4 million of these acres for 27. 3 cents per acre. With the sale of tribal lands the Paiutes had their substantial influx of money and were able to become a self sustaining people again. The 1970’s initiated the restoration process which turned the Paiutes back into a recognized American Indian group, but their struggle to recover from termination continues today. How to cite An ethnohistory of the utah paiutes, Papers

Analysis Behavior Based on Theories of Personality-Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Behavior Based On The Theories Of Personality? Answer: Introduction Consumer buying behaviors involve the different attitudes and preferences customers make when purchasing products or services. Customer buying behavior is influenced by elements such as social situations, the reason for purchase, costs, and other personal factors such a gender, age, marital status and even stage of life(Brosekhan Velayutham, 2014). For renting preferences, customers in their working class prefer houses relatively close to the market centers, with little attention to the renting costs. However, students or young people prefer cheaper rentals with little attention to the distance from market centers. This paper reviews customer renting preferences for three correspondents subject to three people, a female student, married male accountant aged 59 years and a housewife aged 48 years. Personality refers to the unique qualities of each person(Udo-Imeh Festus, 2015). Personality theories are a set of theories developed to explain unique characters, behaviors, and preferences of customers in relation to real life situations, such as choosing rental housing. Also, personality theorems seek to establish commonalities among a group of people(Anderson, 2009). For example, what are the similarities between introverted and extroverted? An idiographic view relates people with certain psychological states, that is, some habits are owned by one person. The nomothetic view, however, explains of traits as possessing the same psychological structures. However, it explains that people's position differs in relation to certain habits, or rather traits. Theories of personality explain personality as influenced by biological factors such as genetics, and nurture, such as the environment and upbringing(Gibler Nelson, 2008). This theory of personality also influences the customers b uying behavior. Freuds Theory Freuds theory explains personality development in terms of early childhood influences, that is, personalities in adulthood can be traced to early childhood years. Freud's theories explain factors such as unconscious processes, early childhood influences, and instincts as influences to personality development. According to Bray (2014), Freud's theory is developed from their attributes, that is, Id, Ego, and Superego. It involves unconscious processes, while ego deals with inner expressions such as practical thinking (Bagozzi, 2010). The Freuds theory influences customer buying since Respondent A, a female student at the university is more inclined to purchase a house based mainly, on the rent. This explains Freud's theory in terms of practical and rational thinking since her familys household pretax income last year was low ($27,000). As such Respondent A prefers option 3, which is cost effective and is relatively close to the city center. Eriksons Theory The Eriksons theory explains personality development as a lifetime process(Bay, 2013). Distinct stages depending on age groups are explained by this theory. Stages such as infantry, childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early childhood, adulthood, and mature adulthood. The age groups listed influence a customers buying since customers at different ages have different demands, for instance, a customer in adulthood is likely to purchase a cheaper house as compared to a customer in mature adulthood. In the survey, Respondent A is in the early childhood stage, that is, 20 years old. However, Respondent 5, is at the mature adulthood stage. The choice of buying for Respondent 5, is influenced by rent, bedroom, bathroom and kitchen, parking, and renovations and furnishing. This preference if influenced by the fact that Respondent 5, is married. The choice for Respondent A is influenced by the rent, and proximity to the city center, because she works part time at the grocery store. Sheldons Physiognomy Theory This theory explains personalities based on classifications for body shapes such as mesomorphs, ectomorphs, and endomorphs (Blackwell, 2011). Endomorphs have body shapes which are soft and spherical with huge fat accumulation, and often, a large frame. These people are desire affection, and comfort besides eating a lot. These factors influence buying preferences of customers. Fr instance, Respondent 3, is kind and sympathetic, besides being open to new experiences. Her preferences for option 6, such as rent, bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen can be attributed to the fact that she has a family (husband and children). Mesomorphs, have a hard physique. These people have power, a low body fat, and wide shoulders. Ectomorphs are people with a fragile body, little body fat and a delicate body. Character traits include anxiety, ambition, and dedication. Analysis of the Three Respondents Behavior on Demographics Theories Demographics involves studying characteristics relating to population(Ellen, 2012). Factors such age, gender, occupation, religion are considered in demographics. Demographics influence customer is buying with factors such as proximity to the marketplace, education levels and religion (or culture) influencing products and services that a particular customer can purchase(Bray J., 2011). For example, products such as pork cannot be purchased by members of the Muslim community. Demographic theories explain population patterns in relation to a topic under study, for instance, renting a house. This segment reviews theories of demographics such as Malthus theory, Neo-Malthusian theory, and the Demographic Transition theory. Malthus Theory The Malthus theory explains a general relationship between population and factors such as social change. In this theory, Malthus, analyses attraction between two sexes, explaining that population increases by multiples(Carrigan, 2010). As such, he proposed that with increased population, food supply would be reduced. However, population grows faster compared to subsidence. As per Malthus theory, Respondent 1 is 20 years, in terms of age. Therefore, her preference to option three can be related to her age. At lower ages, basic renovations, full furniture are ideal choices. Also, at this age, 20 years, Respondent 1, can afford to have one bedroom and sharing a kitchen with housemates. For Respondent 3, who is at 48 years, her preference on Option 6 is based on the bedroom, bathroom kitchen, and renovations furnishing. Also, Option 5, the preference for Respondent 5, is based on bedroom, bathroom kitchen, as well as parking and renovations furniture. As such, age influences buying preference of the respondents, that is, older respondents consider factors such as bedroom space, bathroom, and kitchen while younger customers prefer basic renovations and furniture. Demographic Transition Theory Demographic transition theory involves a change in population trends such births, and deaths. This theory postulates factors influencing populations to change in terms of population size and structure. Demographic transitions depend on birth and death rates and are classified into stages such as pre-transition stage, stage I, stage II and stage III, depending on a balance between birth and death rates(Ellen, 2012). For example, for urban populations, birth and death rates have fallen. Also, education levels are very high. Demographic transition stages influence customers buying since, at different stages, population demand for particular products or services is considered. Under the Demographic transition theory, education levels can be used to analyze choices for renting houses for respondents 1, 3, and 5. Respondent 1, is a college student, her buying preference will be influenced by her educational status. According to research by (Bloom, 1976), customer education affects customer behavior. For instance, Respondent 1, a female student prefers proximity to the city center when renting a house. Therefore customer levels of education raise the expectations, attitudes and hence preferences to certain products or services. Optimum Population Theory This theory discusses population growth, that is, population grows up to a certain level, after which, further growth is hazardous to the natural resources, capital resources, and even production. The highest population with maximum income or productivity is the optimum population. The optimum population influences customer buying since factors such as population size, diversity is considered. Population growth can be explained in terms of social factors such as family. According to (Lautiainen, 2015) family members influence, the customers buying. For example, respondent 3, prefers renting on criteria based on the bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and renovations and furnishing. This could be influenced by her husband and children. Therefore, the family is the environment which allows customers to develop opinions relating to a particular topic/area. This influences the decision making, for example, for Respondent 5, housing decisions are made by his wife. And his preference for option 5, is based on considerations about his family Recommendations Recommendations are the suggestions offered to a customer when purchasing a particular product or service. Recommendations influence the customer's decision process and can base on costs/ rent, furniture and renovations, distance from city centers, bedroom, parking and bathroom kitchen. Based on the discussions above, costs influence buying patterns of customers. Customers seek the best products or services, with the best pricing. As such, renting costs influence a customer's purchasing behavior. For example, the pretax income for Respondent 1, is $27,000. Therefore, her housing preference criteria are based mainly on the costs. For Respondent 5, the household pre-tax income was $117,800. Therefore, his preference housing criteria are not based entirely on costs but also on proximity to the city center. Renovations and furniture also influence the customers buying behavior. Renting a furnished place means the customer will not purchase beds, carpets, and other furniture. From the above discussion, furnished houses are preferred for renting, than unfurnished houses. However, personality traits, body shapes and parenting influence the decision process for Respondents 1, 3 and five hence influencing the choice of house. Demographic factors such as age, gender and education levels also influence the customers habits, attitudes, and expectation which determines the decision criteria for Respondents 1, 3 and 5 when choosing a hous. References Anderson, A. (2009). The Big Five and brand personality: Investigating the. Journal of Brand, 16(2), 234-247. Bagozzi, R. (2010). Cultural and Situational Contingencies and the Theory of Reasoned Action: Application to Fast Food Restaurant Consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 92(2), 97-106. Bay, D. (2013). The Theory of Trying and Goal-Directed Behavior: The Effect of Moving Up the Hierarchy of Goals. Psychology Marketing, 20(8), 669-684. Blackwell, R. (2011). Consumer Behavior. Orlando: Harcourt. Bloom, P. N. (1976). How Will Education Affect Customer Buying? Advances in Customer Research, 3, 208 - 212. Bray, J. (2011). An Exploratory Study of the Factors Impeding Ethical Consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8), 597-608. Bray, J. (2014). Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models. Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models, 1(2), 1-33. Brosekhan, A. A., Velayutham, M. (2014). Consumer Buying Behaviour A Literature Review. Journal of Business and Management, 1(2), 08-16. Carrigan, M. (2010). The myth of the ethical consumer - do ethics matter in purchase behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(7), 560-577. Ellen, Q. (2012). The influence of the Big 5 personality traits on young peoples political consumer behavior. Young Consumers. Gibler, K. M., Nelson, S. L. (2008). Consumer Behavior Applications to Real Estate. Atlanta: Mercer University. Lautiainen, T. (2015). Factors affecting customer's buying decision in the selection of a coffee brand. Lappeenranta: Faculty of Business Administration, Lappeenranta. Udo-Imeh, P. T., Festus, N. (2015). Personality and Consumer Behaviour: A Review. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(18), 98-106.

LSteele Ethical Paper free essay sample

As an anthropologist, my answer would be the relationship between ideology and power. Dominant ideologies form the baseline for consensus in almost every society. It is important to understand ideologies that constitute the normative baseline are a social construct of the dominant group, meaning they are not innate or fixed. They can be changed. I believe that historicism is responsible for all social and cultural phenomena, including poverty. Similar to many human problems, attempts at addressing poverty should ask what social and cultural structures allow poverty to exist?Poverty is a consequence of power imbalances and socially constructed inequality influenced by ideology. It is a human condition that operates with homeostasis functions (unique ideology), sustaining and perpetuating the culture Of poverty. It is important to note that merely identifying the root cause of poverty addresses only one aspect of the problem. Although imbalanced social structures are responsible for creating poverty, the condition of poverty, as well as the ideologies it produces must also be understood and addressed in order to end the cycle of poverty. We will write a custom essay sample on LSteele Ethical Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is necessary to take a holistic approach when addressing poverty as a human condition and be able to view cause and condition as separate, but equal concerns. Anthropologist Oscar Lewis created the term culture of poverty to show how poverty conditions ideology. He argued that ideologies learned in childhood perpetuate the cycle of poverty across generations and consistently identified four factors that sustain the culture of poverty: marginality, helplessness, dependency, and inferiority. Individuals born Into poverty are conditioned to believe they do not have the ability to be successful.It is important to understand that this theory is based on larger social and cultural factors rather than on the individual. The culture of poverty is more a state of thinking, a set of beliefs, as opposed to a state of being (Lewis Farce, 1959). II: Application of Utilitarianism, Demonology, and Rails Distributive Justice Arguments In this section Of the ethical reflection paper two items set forth in President Beams agenda aimed at reducing poverty in the United States will be argued from three ethical frameworks.These items include raising wages and investing in children. A: Raising Wages According to Michael Sanded, utilitarianism, a consequentialit y form of moral reasoning formulated by British philosopher Jeremy Beneath, locates morality in the consequence of an act or the state of the world that results from the thing you do (201 1). It sees our actions as ways to make the world better. The objective of utilitarianism is to maximize utility, or happiness, as exemplified by the guiding principle, the greatest good for the greatest number (Jimenez, 1998).From this perspective, raising the minimum wage would result happier, more fulfilled employees. For an employee, the ability to earn a living wage would increase their job satisfaction as well as their productivity, subsequently decreasing the companys rate of turnover as well as any associated costs of employee turnover. Demonology argues for action out of duty. A categorical form of moral reasoning formulated by German philosopher Emmanuel Kant, this ethical framework locates morality in certain duties and rights and views consequences as morally irrelevant.Emmanuel Kant says that insofar as our actions have moral worth, what confers moral worth is our capacity to rise above self-interest and inclination and to act out of duty. Michael Sanded simply states, The moral value of an action depends on the motive do the right thing for the right reason(2011). As mentioned by President Obama, under current law, a full-time worker with two children earning minimum wage will still raise his or her family in poverty. (Biotech, 2013).This account maintains that every individual has the right to earn adequate wages to support themselves, arguing for a moral obligation on behalf of workers currently receiving minimum wage benefits and the federal government of the United States to respect the dignity of their citizens as human beings by offering a morally acceptable living wage that would allow for the individual to rise above the poverty level. Moreover, allowing the market to determine workers wage benefits would not be acting in accordance with the duty to act.Rails Distributive Justice theory, developed by modern American philosopher John Rails, maintains each society enacts a ramekin of laws, institutions, and policies, resulting in unequal distributions of benefits and burdens amongst me beers of society (Lament, 1996). Future consequences society faces, rather than the moral duties of individuals are the primary concerns. According to this model, a living wage should be enacted as a tool to reduce income inequality. B: Investing in Children Ethnologist argue that education is a basic human right essential for the exercise of all other human rights (The Right to Education, 2014).

World Stock Market Essays

World Stock Market Essays World Stock Market Essay World Stock Market Essay 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What has happened to the main World Stock Markets during this week? Give   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   brief reasons for the main stock market movements in the United States, UK,   Ã‚   Europe and Japan.The world of finance has a very strong tendency to fluctuate at slightest of the changes to major world currencies. The same behavior was observed in first week of March’07 beginning on 5th of the month. The market opened with strong yen and hence depreciated dollar, euro and other major currencies (Dennis, 2007). The US dollar showed a slump of 1.2 percent with one dollar yielding Y115.43. Euro also slumped to Y151.57 with yen gaining strength the global equity market. The stock markets all around the world showed a steep fall. Tokyo Nikkei225 fell to 16,642.25 and observed one of the biggest single-day losses for the current financial year and lost up to 3.3 percent.   Similar fall was observed in almost all major exchanges of Asia with Hong Kong’s Hang Sang Index leading the chart. This exchange suffered one of the highest single day losses of the history with index losing almost 4 percent. Major   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   exchange of Singapore, Taiwan and India also observed a fall of 3.1percent, 3.7 percent and 3.7 percent respectively. European stocks responded in the same manner following the fall of Asian markets. The major mining corporations and banks were the biggest loser and London’s FTSE 100 lost around 1.2 percent and slide to 6,043.5.us market losses were a bit mild and Dow Jones Industrial average shed 0.2 percent and at the same time NASDAQ composite lost 0.8 percent (Dennis, 2007). So stock market in almost all major industrial as well developing nations saw a fall. The rise of Yen caused major loss of wealth of investors both retail as well as institutional investors losing a considerable amount of money.But the global financial market continued to show its e rratic behavior and as a surprise for everyone, it calmed on the very next day. Though equities market gave varying results, the currency and bond markets got stabilized to a larger extent. The market surveyors had paused and very much unsure of how is it going to react now. The release of critical US employment data could be released on the very next day and the report will have its own effect on the performance of the markets comprising of equity as well as bonds and securities.On March 06, 2007, world equity market showed remarkable recovery and staged a rally with the end of yen’s rise (Shellock, 2007).The fastest among all were Asian stocks with Nikkei 225 in Tokyo ended 1.2 percent higher. This rise was mainly due to yen weakness and recovery observed in some sectors hence this gain was achieved after a five session losing streak. Other major markets which recorded a gain of 2 percent or more were Hong Kong, Seoul, Sydney, Mumbai and Shanghai European and us stocks also followed the same trend with new York’s NASDAQ composite saw a gain of 1.7 percent and the Dow Jones industrial average increased by 1.5 percent and Brazilian Bovespa index was 3.2 percent higher. In the end its was the end it’s was the recovery made by dollar and euro gains yen caused the improvement (Shellock, 2007).2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Briefly discuss the main developments in the foreign exchange markets and the    interest rates. Include references to the performance of the sterling and levels of     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   interest rates at home and abroad. Discuss developments and forecasts.Changes in the interest rate of different during the week starting 5 marches’07   Ã‚   and ending on 10 March’07, made by different national central banks played on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   important role in the foreign exchange markets. Market performances also    become a reason behind speculation of internet rate hike U.K. re tail sector saw 5.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   percent growth causing 0.3% rise in sterling (Shellock, 2007). The sterling rise   Ã‚   kept forwarded another case to bank of England to raise U.K. interest hike.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Japanese’ yen’s rapid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rise caused the face in almost all major exchanges of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   world. Japanese investor preferred to invest abroad for better return. With japans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   interest rate at just 0.5 percent, investors’ interest in overseas market got a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overshoot. But the very next day, yen’s lost its momentum and the market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   showed some recovery, with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   European shared showing better performance. at the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   end of last session on march   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   07, the previous forecast of bank of England raising   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   its benchmark rate become untrue and rate of interest remained at 5.25%.but   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   European central bank as suggested in a new forecast, was expected to raise   Ã‚   its benchmark interest rate by 25bp taking the rate to 3.75% so, the market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   trend suggests the lower risk appetite among investors and even a minor rise of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25 bp by a national central banks keeps the investors within the country (Dennis,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007).3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Look at the section that lists all new international bond issues each day (Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Markets Section). Discuss a few examples of major bond issues that were    launched this week. Highlight any special features of these bond issues.The week of March 5-9 2007, was abuzz with issue of a number of international bond each day with total number expanding to 42. out of 42 international bonds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25 were issued in euro with republic of France issuing bonds of worth 4 billion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   euro with maturity in 2040.other major euro bonds were of the value 2 billion by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daimler Chrysler 1.2 billion each by ATT and Commerzbank and santanfer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   insurance issued a bonds of the value 11.5 billion euros with maturity in march    2017. ATT also raised almost 600 pound sterling with maturity in march 2027.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   similarly Deutsche bank raised 22 billion yen on floating rate note with maturity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in march 2012and 38 billion yen again with maturity in march2012. Deutsche   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bank also raised around 150 million Swiss France with maturity in October 2011.    US dollar international bond were issued by only two borrowers with JBIC being   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the first and the value 750 million and maturity in march 2012 and Pusan Bank of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   South Korea issued international bonds of value 200 million with maturity in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   march 2017.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Choose any article in the FT this week that relates to the role of the IMF or the   Ã‚   World Bank and provide a short explanation of the key aspects of the article.The financial Times on March 02,07 published an article â€Å"The Economy need to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   damp demand and boost investment†   Ã‚  by Christopher condom giving details of a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   robust performance of Romanian Economy .it joined the European Union and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   double digit growth in wages with rapidly increasing purchasing power of    common Romanian Public fuelin g massive growth in demand. the later pact of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   article took a condition note of the above cautious   note of the above mentioned growth with an IMF mission using Romania’s Central Bank and government to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   make some change in Monitory and fiscal policy of the nation so that rising   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   demands caused (Condon, 2007).The article has talked massive foreign direct investment and remittance from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Romanians settled abroad thereby strengthening the Romanian currency against   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Euro and making the Import a cheap proposition. Romanian investment sector   Ã‚  Ã‚   is abuzz with several investors namely Ikeas, a Swedish furniture retailer, Selgros   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Tengelman of France. The year 2006 saw an influx of almost 9bn euro in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   form of foreign direct investment and out of these almost 15 per cent went to retail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and other trading operations. The new picture depicts the economy as more of   Ã‚  Ã‚   shop oriented and the country is more like a shopping hub instead of a technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and manufacturing and service oriented. The approach economists have suggested   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   actually concentrates on heavy investment in manufacturing sector with the use of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   new technology. The focus should be more on new age factories with proper    impetus being given on service sector and employment generating options like   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BPOs and call centers. The country should be viewed more as an export hub   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rather than a centre for market places. The productivity gains need to be kept in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the same zone where the current state of wages are while harassing the benefits of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cheap but productive labor. The investment in that form is arriving like the one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from Microsoft. The newly created customer support facility is expected to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   provide employment to more than 100 people. This sort of investment will   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   actually create a new class of work force who are not only technically sound but also fit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   enough to work in an environment best suited for the current information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   based economy (Condon, 2007)..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But the higher demand had been referred as a matter of concern and has a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   capability to widen the current account and will provide the declination of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inflation an opposite thrust. IMF also approved the government is plan of higher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p ublic sector wage and reiterated the government to reduce demand and boost the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   new status of investment (Condon, 2007)..5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Look at the developments and news in the transport sector and prepare an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   informative and concise briefing for the manager including a reflective analysis.Financial Times published a number of articles related to transport sector in the    week March 05 -09’ 2007. An article published March 05 talked about David   Ã‚   Miliband’s call for Emission reduction in the transport sector. He suggested the   Ã‚  Ã‚   inclusion of Road Rail Transport in European Union’s Emission Trading   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scheme after 2012. Being the environment Secretary, he cited Sweden as an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   example that UK should follow (Hall, 2007).The Geneva Motor show was abuzz with emission issue. a report by John Reed    gav e a detailed information of different concepts car based on Bio Ethanol Fuel.    Several prominent Vehicles manufactures displayed their Hybrid Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sports car. Honda, Toyota BMW are some of the reputed names working in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this directions, Green commercial vehicles were also given complete coverage   Ã‚   with ENOVA System leading the chart (Reed, 2007).Another report published on March 06 talked of the processes involving    liberalization of Trans Atlantic Aviation. The talks for the same was making   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   round for the last four Years. And now after getting positive responses from Both   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   British Airways Virgin Atlantic, US negotiator John   Byerly called this treaty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as a Cash generating Machine for the above mentioned   carriers   the deal is now   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   waiting for the approval by European Union Transp ort Ministers (FT., 2007).Under world news section, financial Times published a report aim aviation sector   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   woes in Indonesia. On March 10 2007, reported by John Aglionby, the article   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   talked about divided Expert opinions on safety factor in aviation sector in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indonesian Domestic region. In an exclusive interview to financial times   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indonesia Transport Minister Hatta Rajassa showed his concern in the rising   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   number of accidents among Indonesian domestic flights .the article also    mentioned about the experts who are lamenting on faulty safety norms by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic carriers (Aglionby, 2007).A report published on March 10, 2007 mention of the rising sales of new cars in Iran. The country is normally in news for its verbal conflicts with US on issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   related to U.S. policies on Iraq and the rising nuclear capability of Iran. The report has talked of the competition between the two international car manufacturers in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iran’s domestic car market. The French carmaker the Renault started the pre-salesof Tondar-90 which is actually a locally manufactured version of an older model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Renault’s Romanian subsidiary production named Logan. The Iranian car   Ã‚  Ã‚   market is normally dominated by Iran’s top two car-makes namely Khodro and    Saipa with a market share of almost 60 percent. Renault is very much eager to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lead the Iranian car market and is very much depending on low fuel price in Iran   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as a reason for growing sales of cars. The company is investing a good amount of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   money in developing facilities for developing car s and other vehicles for sale in local market (Bozorgmehr, 2007).ReferencesAglionby, J (2007, March 10). WORLD NEWS: Experts divided on aviation sector woes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in Indonesia [online] Available from: http://ft.comBozorgmehr, N. (2007, March 10) WORLD NEWS: Sales of new Iranian car soar, sight unseen[online] Available from: http://ft.comCondon, C. (2007, March 02). THE ECONOMY: Need to damp demand and boost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   investment [online] Available from: http://ft.comDennis, N. (2007, March 05). Global equities slide as yen extends gains[online] Available from: http://ft.comFT. (2007, March 06). The Heathrow cash machine is coming up for grabs[online] Available from: http://ft.comShellock, D. (2007, March 07). FT MARKETS: Tentative rally marks the end ofyens rise [online] Available from: http://ft.comTurner, D. (2007, March 07). Tokyo stocks fall on concerns over US[online] Available from: http://ft.comHall, B. (2007, March 05). NA TIONAL NEWS: Miliband calls for a post-oil erainvestment [online] Available from: http://ft.comReed, J. (2007, March 06). FT REPORT MOTOR INDUSTRY: Fleets may usher in sea-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   change [online] Available from: http://ft.com

Action Learning In Leadership Development Education Essay

Action Learning In Leadership Development Education Essay From recent study leadership is personal trait (Stogdill, 1948; Goleman, 1998) to a focus on the process and relationship between leaders and followers (Bass, 1985; Burns, 1978) leadership is a function of the entire collective process of all the personality traits. Leadership is developed by continuous steps of learning that is it cannot be developed at a time. It is developed through processes of learning. (Barker, 2001; Drath, 2001) Leonard, S. and Lang, F (2010) says that action learning for leadership development. He describes action learning is being used increasingly now days as a main method to build leadership skills and improving leadership behavior. He also describes different skills of leadership like cognitive skills, relationship skills, and self management skills are developed through action learning As described by the Reeve, S. (1999) described the importance of working in group in action learning. He describes that successful action learning creates good adult/adul t relationship, respect, control of the learning experience, encouragement of cooperative and cohesive attitudes within the set, trust, confidence over ones own self and the cycle of learning towards its reflection. In groups people begin to value others opinions, suggestions are made about processes, methodologies and sources. Serrat, O.   [ 1 ]   (2008) explains the process of action learning generates discipline to work within action learning steps which helps the individual to develop its personality traits. In action learning process he describes individual’s personal development, challenges, self confidence, help people to communicate more effectively, build leadership competences and organizations really feel the benefits of the outcomes of action learning. Henderson, I. (1993) describes action learning as a link in management development He describes action learning as a main link in management, that without it effective development of the management cannot be pos sible. He described the phenomena that every job required specific demand, and these demands are fulfilled only when the person know the essential features of management work. This can be done through parasitizing in action learning. Esons, S. and Kramer, R. (2007) describes the process that how the knowledge gained by action learning is used to develop leaders.He describes the processes through which action learners learn the abilities of a leadership behavior. He further describes the problems of transferring the knowledge in action learning which a major hindrance in leadership development. That includes the process of unlearning person’s previous norms and believes etc Roberts, C. (2009) defines the leadership levels as an action learning approach. Author explained that leadership is developed through mutual respect, trust, social awareness, and personal skills that are well gained by action learning. Like these all are traits of personality which a person learns through the process of action learning which makes him a leader. Rapid I   [ 2 ]   (2010) describe the importance of action learning in leadership development. He emphasizes that for leadership development it is important for the individual to have the capability to put learning into action. Jay a conger and Ginka Toegel (2001) also describe action learning as a pathway to leadership development. According to the authors action learning develops those skills in a person which develops a pathway to the leadership behavior.

The project Y2K Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The project Y2K - Assignment Example I would ensure that my duties as well as those of my team members are very clear as well as indicating the responsibilities that can or cannot be delegated (Anantatmula, 2010). Similarly, I would clearly indicate on the firm policy paper the vision of the organization and every new employee would be oriented on the firm vision and the way to achieve it. Employee would also be trained on integrity including the ethics issues that they need to maintain at all times.Good managers need to emulate technology and form a strong teamwork. In order to help my organization to be successful just like the Y2K project, I would ensure that we invest more in modern technology. The Y2K project was successful due to the close monitoring and assessment by use of modern communication systems in US (Leybourne, 2009). Additionally, I would ensure that communication system within the organization. This would ensure that team members are able to make instant report or feedback to ensure that the project do es not deviate from its course. Project managers must involve other team members in undertaking the functions of a project. This implies that project managers should emulate delegating their powers. Project managers have the responsibility of assigning duties to other members of the team, manage daily operations, execute plans and manage budget among other duties. By being assisted for example by the junior accounting officers on the cost effective materials as a delegated duty, managing the project budget.

Cost Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost Accounting - Essay Example The stainless steel is manufactured in five main processes. These processes are melting, hot rolling, annealing and pickling, cold rolling and finishing. All the processes are done in different departments. The process of steel manufacturing starts with melting in the melt shop. In this department the scrap is melted. The scrap acts as the raw material of the stainless steel. Once the scrap is melted in the melting the output is transferred to the hot rolling mill for further processing. In this rolling department the meted scrap is rolled two meter wide. Once the hot rolling department is done with its work then the output is transferred to the annealing and pickling department for further processing. In this department fine coil of thickness varying from 1.2 mm to 13 mm is produced. The mechanical properties of the stainless steel are regained in this process. Some of these coils are sold to the industries the remaining ones are transferred to the fourth process of cold rolling. He nce the cost is allocated after considering the products which is sold to the industries. In cold rolling and annealing department the thickness of the coil is again reduced to 0.3mm in order to meet up the customers’ needs. In this process the coil is rolled into a flat surface to give the stainless steel flatness. Once this is done the output from this department is transferred to the metal finishing department. In this department the flat stainless steel is cut into different shapes and sizes which will be ultimately sold to the market (ArcelorMittal-c, n.d). As the manufacturing is done in a series of processes therefore the costing of the outputs must be done as per the process costing. While manufacturing any product many costs are incurred. Some of these costs can be identified form the products and some cannot. The costs which can be traced form the product are directly

Effect of culture in business Essay Example for Free

Effect of culture in business Essay 1. A growing number of Americans work for foreign-owned firms in the United States. Do you think that these American employees are being influenced by the foreign owners approach to management and the culture of the country of the owner? Because of globalization, businesses are open to do business in new markets and improving profits. Also because of globalization, companies are faced with different cultures, religion and norms. For a company to do business in another country, a manager needs to understand the differences associated with the host country. Globalization is defined as this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Each firm has their own organizational culture. According to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (2001), organizational culture represents a complex pattern of beliefs, expectations, values and behaviors shared by organizational members. The knowledge of the culture in which an employee is working is crucial. In a dynamic and fast changing environment the inter and intra organizational behavior changes the productivity and growth trends (Chaturvedi, 2002). Because of the organizational culture most foreign-owned firms will tend to impose that culture on their employees. Just like U.S. companies settling abroad, foreign-owned companies will face some difficulties operating in a country with different culture. Based on Hofstedes research, which studies how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, four dimensions have been identified as explaining: Uncertainty avoidance: degree to which people are comfortable with ambiguous situations and with the inability to predict future events with accuracy (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69). Masculinity-Femininity: A culture that has a high masculinity orientation tends to emphasize on dominance, assertiveness, and interdependence. A culture with tendency of femininity orientation will emphasize more on interdependence, compassion, and emotional openness. Individualism-Collectivism: Tendency of a cultures norms and values to emphasize on satisfying individual needs or group needs (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69). Power distance: Degree to which members of a society accept differences in power and status among themselves (Gibson et al., 2012, p 69) Because each culture fits differently in the four dimensions, a foreign-owned firm will keep its own culture as it will be easier to deal with than having different organizational cultures in each country it operates. Americans who work for those companies are indeed influenced by their approach of management. 2. Assume that you want to develop your global skills so that you can pursue international assignments with your company. Identify five skills that you would want to develop and describe how you would go about improving these skills. Globalization is defined as this interdependency of transportation, distribution, communication, and economic networks across international borders (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, 2012, p 57). Managers are more and more in contact with different cultures. According to HRMagazine (2012), business skills, clture and customs skills, geographic, political and economic skills need to be developed. Based on Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske (2012), the five main skills are: Global strategic skills: knowing how the economy (i.e. global financial markets), politics (i.e. foreign affairs, international law) are good ways for managers to know how to conduct business in another country. Team-building skills: Companies require more and more that their employees know how to work as part of a team. Team-building is a way to have more done more efficiently. A manager should know how to delegate work and know what each team members can or cannot do. Organization skills: It is important to know how employees react to certain management approach. McGregors motivational theory X and Y provides management approaches that can apply to motivate employees. Communication skills: Communication is essential when working abroad. It is imperative that a manager or employee be able to communicate with peers and superiors effectively. Transfer of knowledge skills: Learning about a practice, technique, or approach in one country that can be transferred elsewhere is a skill that managers can apply on a regular basis (Gibson et al., 2012, p 62). 3. Describe the attitudes a manager would need to be successful and effective in managing in India, China, and Saudi Arabia. A manager would need to have the same basic skills in order to a successful and effective manager in India, China, and Saudi Arabia. According to Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske Strong technical skills Good language skills Strong desire to work overseas Knowledge of the culture Well-adjusted family situation Spouse support Behavioral flexibility Adaptability Good relational ability Stress management skills According Goodall and Warner (2007), a manager who wants to work in China would need to be: Open-minded to the culture shock. Desire to learn the language and culture. Good communication skills. Strong organizational commitment: Think not what your company can do for you, but what you can do for your company (Goodall et al., 2007, p 13). In China, it is hard to retain employees due to the competition of labor. China does not have enough skilled labors and is experiencing tremendous growth economically. To be an effective manager, one should be able to retain employees and adapt to the culture in order to not lose such precious asset. According to Bhuian, Al-shammari, Jefri (2001), a manager needs have a strong organizational commitment, strong desire to work with foreign assignment, and especially good communication skills in order to work in Saudi Arabia. Trainings should be available to the expatriate manager. Gibson et al. identified three steps: Predeparture, which helps the manager prepare for the culture shock. Overseas Assignments, which is to help the manager ease into the culture. Having a mentor or a guide to introduce him or her to the culture. Repatriation, which is helping the manager adjusting back to his own culture when returning from assignment. References Assess-and improve-your global skills. (2012). _HRMagazine, 57_(8), 79. Retrieved from http://www.shrm. org/countryguides Bhuian, S. N., Al-shammari, E. S. and Jefri, O. A. (2001), Work-related attitudes and job characteristics of expatriates in Saudi Arabia. Thunderbird Intl Bus Rev, 43: 21-32. doi: 10.1002/1520-6874(200101/02)43:13.0.CO;2-B Chaturvedi, A. (2002). Organizational behavior. _Finance India, 16_(4), 1482-1484. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/224360708?accountid=6579 Gibson, J.G., Ivancevich, J.M., Donnelly, J.H., Konopaske, R. (2012). _Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes_ (14th ed.)_._ New York: McGraw-Hill. Goodall, K.L.N., Warner, M. (2007). Expatriate managers in China: The influence of Chinese culture on cross-cultural management. _Journal of General Management._ Retrieved from: http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/working_papers/2007/wp0701.pdf Hellriegel, Don, Slocum, John W. Woodman, Richard W.; Organizational Behavior, South-Western Thomson Learney, 2001, pp 671.

MARCIA GRIFFITHS: REGGAE QUEEN? :: Essays Papers

MARCIA GRIFFITHS: REGGAE QUEEN? BEGINNING YEARS These two quotes are critical in answering the question of whether or not Marcia Griffiths is the true Reggae Queen. After looking at her success as a female artist, the answer to this question becomes obvious. Women have been oppressed across the globe for centuries, which make Griffiths success as a female Reggae artist that much more outstanding. Looking at her achievements throughout her life starting at a young age to thirty-seven years in the music business, the audience will understand why she is the true Reggae Queen. Linneth Marcia Griffiths was born and raised in Kingston. Music had always been apart of her upbringing from her father’s influence as a singer. Her talent was recognized very early by producers Clement Coxsone Dodd and Byron Lee, â€Å"who were said to be competing for her father’s signature on a recording contract even before she was ten. Coxsone won the compitition and his legendary Studio One and its downbeat rhythms became her musical college.† (Tafari, pg. 1) Marcia reached the big stage for the first time at the Carib Theater in Cross Roads, Kingston at the age of twelve. At the age of sixteen she achieved her first Jamaican # 1 with the Rock Steady hit â€Å"Feel Like Jumping.† After that, she opened shows in Jamaica for Carla Thomas, Betty Wright and Ben E. King among others. Since those vintage days, music has been her life and she has risen to the top of Rock Steady and Reggae Charts in Jamaica. While growing up she listened to and admired singers like Aretha Franklin, Carla Thomas and Deon Warkick. There were not many female artists in Jamaica, but one that she admired was the late â€Å"Hortense Ellis† who was a local singer. At a young age Marcia established a name for herself before teaming up with Rita Marley and Judy Mowatt. Over the years Marcia has built up a long list of solo hits, but the re-make by Marcia and Bob Andy of the Nina Simone hit â€Å"Young, Gifted and Black† in the 1970’s put her into a household name throughout the Caribbean and Europe. (Tafari, pg. 2) The record’s popularity rose the charts in the UK and soon became popular across Europe.

Discuss the Major Issues Associated With Expatriate Failure and Assess Some Strategies HR Can Formulate and Implement In Order To Increase the Rate of Successful Assignments

Introduction The importance of the management of expatriate’s has grown as the number of multinational companies has increased significantly over the last few decades, therefore increasing the need to be aware of potential problems which could cause high failure rates in expatriate assignments (Anderson,2005). Porter and Tansky (1999) write that an unsuccessful expatriate assignment is very costly for both an organisation and the expatriate themselves. But despite this very few companies have adequate processes for both selecting and training these expatriates. As Harzing (1995: 457) notes, virtually every writer measures expatriate failure as â€Å"the percentage of expatriates returning home before their assignment contract expires†. Brewster (1988) also defines failure as assignments where expatriates were brought home earlier than planned. Brewster and Scullion (1997) say that the fact that corporations have heavy cost pressures has led to the policies for employee movement acro ss countries being looked at. They also observe that it is becoming more noticeable that both the social and economic cost of failure in business abroad is more damaging than business done in home countries, especially in terms of market share and damage of customer trust (Zeira and Banai,1984). It is therefore pertinent for academic research to both look at the major issues associated with expatriate failure and why expatriates often ‘fail’ in their assignments. From reading the literature these can be identified mainly as a lack of thorough selection procedures from employers to identify which managers would be successful on assignments in foreign countries. This can range from not identifying what attributes certain candidates have that would make them more likely to succeed, to not identifying the family situations of potential expatriates which would also be conducive to successful assignments abroad. Once these factors have been identified it is then logical to assess what procedures could be put in place for the company to stop failure of expatriate assignments and how they can identify successful candidates for the roles. This is the format this essay will follow. Reasons for expatriate failure This study will first look at the issues associated with expatriate failure and what reasons and factors there are which lead to this end result. Enderwick and Hodgson (1993) observe that expatriate failure is caused by rash recruitment policies combined with preparation and training which is not thorough enough for the manager. This draws attention to the limited role of HR in the management of expatriates, and Halcrow (1999) also writes that HR are confined to administrative support as opposed to playing any meaningful role in any strategic aspects. It is this lack of attention to detail and impulsive selection practice for expatriates which causes many of the problems. It fails to identify different characteristics and traits which are likely to be conducive to success in expatriate projects. Klaus (1995) notes that in the majority of companies expatriate selection happens quickly and irrationally. Something which is inherent in many international businesses is the fact that their selection procedures for expatriate managers are rather informal and they do not possess thorough enough assessments (Brewster.1991). Mendenhall and Oddou (1985: 39) argue that companies often think that domestic performance success would equal overseas performance success, regarding the manager’s technical skills as being the most important factor to consider when looking at candidates to select for managing projects abroad. This shows a disregard for identifying the differences which can affect performances in different countries and cultures. The underlying assumption that companies who use this formula is that â€Å"Managing [a] company is a scientific art. The executive accomplishing the task in New York can surely perform as adequately in Hong Kong† (Baker & Ivancevich,1971: 40). Therefore a lot of multinational companies tend to send the manager and their family to the foreign countries without any cultural training. And when training is administered it is often far too broad or is not followed up with any reflection on how effective it was (Tung, 1981). Brewster and Scullion (1997) discuss these difficulties that International companies who do actually undertake training and development programmes for expatriates come across. The first of these is that the manager not only has to adjust to a new job but also to an entirely different culture which they are not familiar with (Mendenhall and Oddou, 1985). As well as this, there is the family to consider. Training programmes for families also needs to be addressed as this is considered a major factor behind expatriate failure, and this is often not addressed correctly or at all. There is however, evidence that managers themselves value cultural training an awful lot and see the benefits from this (Brewster and Pickard, 1994). Cross-cultural training has long been proven to enable effective cross cultural assignments, yet still a lot of firms do not utilise this (Black, 1988). Different training and developmental models for these managers working abroad have been worked on over the last decade. These tend to take into account the job and the individual as well as the culture before deciding the amount and type of personal development that is required (Tung, 1981). Mendenhall and Oddou (1986) have developed a ’cross- cultural training approach’, consisting of three varying levels. Information-giving approaches are those which consist of factual briefings and cultural awareness development. Affective approaches would usually consist of cultural development combined with different scenarios and role plays. Finally, immersion approaches. These are different styles of assessment centres and in the field experience and scenarios. According to this model the style of management training given should take into account on a number of factors dependent on the project and the manager. These could include the length of stay and the amount of integration required to fit in with the host culture.(Mendenhall and Oddou, 1986) Mendenhall et al. acknowledge there are many personal obstacles which could lead to many expatriates not completing their assignments and being branded a failure. These include factors such as â€Å"culture shock, differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesickness, differences in health care, housing, schooling, cuisine, and the cost of living, to name but a few† (1987: 331). These are all personal characteristics and attributes which would affect expatriate manager’s morale and ability to do an effective job. Porter and Tansky (1999) write that a high learning orientation is critical for an expatriate manager, this is because they will have continual experiences which are not similar to those they usually experience, and will need to be able to be resilient in the face of different challenges. Anderson (2005: 567) notes that although in the private sector the selection of expatriates is usually down to their technical competence, with â€Å"minimal attention being paid to the interpersonal skills and domestic situations of these potential expatriates†, that non-government organisations do actually utilise methods such as psychological testing and a variety of methods to ensure that the expatriates family is taken into consideration as well . These methods therefore usually lead to more effective expatriate assignments and less failures, in the next section of this report we will delve deeper into ways in which the likelihood of expatriate success can be increased. What can be done to improve expatriate failure rates? Currently the selection processes for expatriate candidates are not effective enough in predicting which managers will be successful in these assignments. It is necessary to focus on how these can be improved to address the rate of failures among expatriates. Halcrow (1999) has reported that less than two thirds of a survey of HR professionals identified personality as an important consideration when picking expatriate candidates, and 11 percent said it has little or no importance at all to the process. Family issues were also given the lowest of priorities, and 25 percent did not regard them as important. Here then, are the issues that need to be addressed, as can be seen from the previous section whereby these were identified as major factors in the success of expatriate projects. Effective selection, training and placement of expatriate managers is critical to international success argue Nicholson et al. (1990), and therefore the procedures put in place for this need to be effecti ve. Mendenhall et al.(1987: 333) state they have attempted to find the criteria which can predict productivity and acclimatisation in overseas assignments, and that a set of personality factors have been identified by numerous authors. They profess that these are â€Å"self-orientation, others-orientation and perceptual orientation† . Self-orientation includes factors such as how to reduce stress and how managers deal with being alone whilst abroad. ‘Others’ orientation includes factors such as how good the manager is at forming relationships and their ability to communicate with others. ‘Perceptual’ orientation includes different factors such as how flexible a person is and how open minded they can be. However, they indicate that US firm’s still appear to use only technical competence as their criteria for expatriate selection, and this is what needs to change as that is not a great predictor of expatriate manager success. The model proposed by Ay can (1997) also says that factors should be identified which are expected to account for a substantial amount of variance in expatriate adjustment. This is the fit between the expatriate and their environment which leads to less stress and better work productivity. This encompassed psychological, socio cultural and work adjustment. It is also required that organisational support and preparation is necessary. Porter and Tansky write about the possibility of a learning orientation which could be important for both assessment and training for expatriates. They suggest that employee’s with weaker learning orientation could result in low levels of judgement in challenging foreign circumstances and vice versa. They state that this learning orientation approach could â€Å"benefit employees and their families and can increase the organisation’s chance for international success† (1999: 48). Porter and Tansky (1999: 50) observe that to eliminate the risk of expatriate failure that more emphasis should be placed on: â€Å"better identification of employee’s who are likely to function effectively in different cultures, development activities to enhance functioning in the expatriate role, and systematic analysis of problems during the expatriate assignment.† Mendenhall et al (1997) observe the impact upon spouses and families is also not taken into account when sel ecting managers for expatriation. As can be seen in the previous half of this report, how their family copes with the relocation can impact greatly upon the morale of expatriate managers. Some academics also suggest that the families of expatriates should be assessed on similar criteria to the managers themselves. Stone (1986) observes that failing to identify this problem is the greatest failure in the selection process for expatriates. Therefore one would have to agree that, as the family is seen as a major factor in whether a expatriate manager succeeds or not then they should definitely be taken into account during the selection process. Guptara (1986) has written that there are a number of psychological tests that can be used in the recruitment processes for expatriates to test such psychological traits which could be conducive to successful expatriates, however this does not appear to be commonplace in corporate recruitment processes. Ioannou (1995) discusses the results of a National Foreign Trade Council of New York survey. Here it was shown that a variety companies did not use any form of psychological testing for possible expatriate managers. Tung (1982) finds that it is extremely rare that a company carries out a thorough assessment of a manager who is being considered to work in another part of the company abroad. Porter and Tansky (1999) advocate the application of a learning orientation to help this. They suggest questionnaire responses to show details on a managers beliefs about different traits and if they possess them. As well as task simulations to show if a person has different learning orientation beh aviours. For example who which people will look for new strategies rather than rescind from these strategies when things do not go as planned immediately (1999:52).Here can be seen the discrepancy between academic musings on the topic and that of the practitioners. Writers emphasise soft skills while actual research into company practice indicates an obvious reliance on technical competence for the selection. If this were to change then expatriate projects may achieve a greater success rate. Two major propositions can also be derived from Mendenhall and Oddou (1985) findings. The first would be that expatriate cultural adaptation is a multi dimensional process rather than a one dimensional one. This means that selection procedures of international companies for expatriates should be changed from their present one dimensional focus on technical competence as the most important criteria towards a more multi dimensional one. This should focus therefore focus on personal attributes which may be conducive to success working as an expatriate manager. Mendenhall and Oddou (1985) also recommend that training which deals with these factors needs putting in place, and which needs to be multi dimensional as opposed to one dimensional. Gudykunst, Hammer, and Wiseman (1977) combined a number of differing development approaches and compared the cultural adaptation abilities of managers who received the integrated training with managers who were the recipients of just one dimensional training. Integrated training produced much greater levels of culture adaptation. Along with other academics they again mention that both the selection and training processes must include the family of the expatriate. As well as this the culture adaptation training should be given to the expatriate’s family. As observed in the first half of this essay, it was shown that it was vital that not only the expatriate manager themselves, but also their family was happy as both had an effect on morale and performance. Corporate HR teams should have a clear direction to also hire a work fore who are internationally comfortable and experience too. Thus these would prove to be effective expatriate managers as they are relatively used to the process and overcoming the challenges they would face (Mendenhall and Oddou.1985). Conclusion In conclusion as many academics have identified there are serious problems with the way many corporations select and manage expatriate managers and their assignments. Many problems stem from the initial selection stage which is seen to be very lax and informal from many different businesses. These initial mistakes in the selection process mainly centre around focusing purely on technical competencies within managers for expatriate selection, and this has been proven to not be the most successful of indicators for success in international assignments of this manner. This is because it fails to take into account other factors which make a person more likely to be successful. This can include personality traits such as adaptability and how resilient they are. It also neglects the domestic and family situation of different managers, and indeed many HR teams have said that they do not even take this into consideration or treat it as important at all. Academics have also suggested solutions to these problems in the way of recruitment processes and training processes which would be incredibly useful for business’s to implement with their selection and training for expatriates. These vary from personality tests to assess the traits that people have and if these would be conducive to being successful as an expatriate manager abroad, to a variety of assessment centre styles testing out people in different scenarios and if they were the type of person likely to succeed. As well as this it would be recommended that companies look at the family of potential expatriate managers to see if these were also likely to be happy once moving abroad as this has a visible and proven impact on the morale of expatriate managers. Training also needs to be more effective and focus on broader issues as opposed to just technical competency and understanding company systems fully, but to train expatriate managers culturally as well. Overall the key problems are predominantly to do with the selection processes of corporations. They need to improve by taking a wider range of issues into consideration and not just a one dimensional view of ‘if it works in our country it will work in another culturally different county’ approach. But they need to consider the softer side of managers, such as their characteristics and family lives, this is something business leaders could learn from academics. Bibliography Anderson, B.A.(2005). Expatriate selection: good management or good luckThe international journal of human resource management. 16:4 567-583. Aycan. Z. (1997) Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: individual and organizational level predictors, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8:4, 434-456, Baker, J. C., & Ivancevich, J. M. (1971). The assignment of American executives abroad; Systematic, haphazard, or chaoticCalifornia Management Review, 13:3, 39-41. Birdseye M, Hill J. (1995). Individual, Organizational/Work and Environmental Influences on Expatriate Turnover Tendencies: An Empirical Study. Journal of International Business Studies, 26:4, 787-813 Black, J. S. (1988). ‘Work role transitions: a study of American expatriate managers in Japan’. Journal of international Business Studies, 30:2,119-34 Brewster, C. (1988) Managing Expatriates, International Journal of Manpower, 9:2. 17–20. Brewster, C. (1991). The Management of Expatriates, London: Kogan Page. Brewster, C. and Scullion, H. (1997), A review and agenda for expatriate HRM. Human Resource Management Journal. 7. 32–41 Enderwick, P. and Hodgson, D. (1993) ‘Expatriate Management Practices of New Zealand Business’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4:2. 407–23. Gudykunst, W. B., Hammer, M. R., & Wiseman, R. L. (1977). An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1, 99-110. Guptara, P. (1986) ‘Searching the Organisation for the Cross-cultural Operators’, International Management, 41(8): 40–2 Halcrow, A. (1999) ‘Expats: The Squandered Resource’, Workforce, 78(4): 42–8. Ioannou, L. (1995) ‘Unnatural Selection’, International Business, July: 54–7. Klaus, K.J. (1995) ‘How to Establish an Effective Expatriate Program – Best Practices in International Assignment Administration’, Employment Relations Today, 22:1. 59–70. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1985) ‘The Dimensions of Expatriate Acculturation: A Review’, The Academy of Management Review, 10 (January): 39–47. Mendenhall, M.E., Dunbar, E. and Oddou, G.R. (1987) ‘Expatriate Selection, Training and Career Pathing: A Review and Critique’, Human Resource Management, 26:3). 331–45 Nicholson, J.D., Stepina, L.P., & Hochwarter, W. (1990). Psychological aspects of expatriate effectiveness. In B.B. Shaw, J.E. Beck, G.R. Ferris, & K.M. Rowlans (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, supplement 2, 127–145. Porter G. and Tansky J. (1999) Expatriate success may depend on a learning orientation: Considerations for selection and training. Human Resource Management. Spring. 47-59 Tung, R. L. (1981) Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16:1, 68-78 Tung, R.L. (1982). Selection and training procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese multinationals. California Management Review, 25, 117–126 Zeira, Y. and Banai, M. (1984). ‘Present and desired methods of selecting expatriate managers for international assignments‘. Personnel Review, 13:3, 29-35.

Central Heating

THE HISTORY OF CENTRAL HEATING Brittany Science, 4th, Mr. Leetch, History of an Invention 2/8/13 The History of Central Heating Systems By Brittany Hicken I. Who invented the central heating system? A. We don’t know exactly who invented the first one B. Ancient Romans created the hypocaust C. Greeks created their own version of the hypocaust D. Sergius Orata (80 B. C. ) E. Louis Savot- French (1600) F. Dalsme (1600) G. Dr. John Clarke (1652) H. Benjamin Thompson (1796) I. Count Rumford (1796) J. William Cook (1745) K. William Strutt (1805) L. Eliphalet Knott (1833) M. Isaac Orr (1836) N. Professor Warren Johnson (1873)O. Milton Fessler (1905-1908) II. What were the changes over time? A. It was first the hypocaust, we don’t know when it was invented B. Fixed central hearths date back to 2500 B. C. , they were excavated in Greece C. An under floor heating system was installed in the house of King Arzawa in Beycesutan, Turkey in 1300 B. C. D. The Romans brought technology to a high standard, by creating systems designed by Sergius Orata E. Crude fireplaces were made around 800 A. D. these were widespread in Europe in the 1300’s F. After the 14th century, the next important event was the chimney.Early chimneys were large, so to allow chimney sweepers to climb into them G. Masonry stoves became very common in the 1500’s H. Louis Savot invented the raised grate system and designed a circulating fireplace in the early 1600’s I. The way of stove heating soon had advanced. The first free standing stove, or not connected to anything so it’s not mounted to anything, was the Furnus Acapnos or the smokeless stove invented by Dalsme in France in the later days of 1600’s J. The earliest stove to be introduced to North America is the iron box stove invented by Dr. John Clarke in about 1652 K.William Cook was the first to propose the way of steam heating in 1745 L. M. Bonne constructed an actual hot water heating system instead o f the steam heating system in the late 1700’s M. William Strutt invented a warm air furnace that included of a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased with bricks. The rivets help seal the air chamber to be air tight, in 1805. This chamber has ducts fed with heated air into rooms. Strutt’s hot air furnaces were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves N. In 1833, Eliphalet Knott invented the stove with base burners O.In 1836, Isaac Orr invented the airtight stove so there would be no heat loss on the inside chamber P. Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school up in Wisconsin and back then the only way to change the temperature was to run downstairs and tell the janitor to turn the wheel in a way to let either more steam or less steam into the room. He later created and patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to make the valves work. He then later created the Johnson Electric Service company Q. â€Å"Coal-less† Mondays were introduced in 191 7 saving coal and stimulating the use for oil and gas since there wasn’t much coal around.R. Milton Fessler invented residential oil burner in California so that residents could have their house easily heated without stoking coal ever hour between 1905-1908 S. By 1926, the Electric Refrigeration News began to publish, â€Å"heating had advanced from the campfire to something so silent, so automatic that we just take for granted and ‘just turn the heat on’ III. When did initially stop changing and industries stated introducing something different and not a huge improvement? A. From the mid 1920’s-1936 B. People started to take the silent heating system for granted C.People were inventing little accessories or little parts to go on to the latest thing but nothing much bigger or more important happened IV. Where did the inventions take place? A. Rome B. Greece C. France D. The United States E. Turkey F. Europe V. Why it was initially created? A. To heat bath water in the Roman Empire B. To heat homes so that people could live comfortably C. To heat specific rooms D. The thermostat was created to control the amount of wanted heat in any specific room, or house VI. What was the hypocaust and how did the hypocaust work? A. The word â€Å"hypocaust† refers to a subfloor radiant heating system B.The word hypocaust come from the Latin word â€Å"Hypocaustum† which meant burning underneath C. These were important to ancient romans because it heated their baths and as well as large rooms D. The small pillars of stacked bricks would have supported a fire proof floor that was heated by air circulation under the floor in a chamber with an external furnace E. The hot gases at the top of this hypocaust below the floor would have been up to about 400 degrees Fahrenheit F. Addition to the hypocaust, some romans had hollow walls to help keep even temperature and prevent condensationWorks Cited By Brittany Hicken A Brief History of Heatin g and Cooling America 0Homes. †Ã‚  Sustainable Dwelling. † William Furr, 10 Jan. 2011. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Archrnews. com. †Ã‚  Archrnews. com. N. p. , 12 Nov. 2001. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. http://www. achrnews. com/articles/an-early-history-of-comfort-heating â€Å"A Short History of Central Heating. †Ã‚  Taco. N. p. , 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Hypocaust. †Ã‚  About. com. N. s. Gill, n. . Web. 11 Jan. 3013. Duffy, Catherine. â€Å"Who Invented the Central Heating System? †Ã‚  EHow. Demand Media, 04 Nov. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This paragraph is a run though of the timeline events. Going all the way back to 3000 B. C. the first Hypocaust was born. Ancient Romans had invented the hypocaust. The hypocaust is an under floor heating system that is a chamber that collects heat and leaves it under there. Going up to 2500 B. C. the first fixed central hearths were first excavated in Greece. In 1300 B. C. King Arzawa had an under floor heatin g system installed into his palace in Turkey. Later in 80 B. C. Sergius Orata started to create designs for heating systems and brought technology to the Romans. Crude fireplaces were made around 800 A. D. and were later widely spread throughout Europe in the 1300’s. The chimney was invented around the 1400’s. They were large in diameter so that the Chimney Sweepers could fit up into them to clean them out. 100 years later in 1500, masonry stoves became the â€Å"new thing† to have.They also became very common. Louis Savot invented the raise gate system and designed a circulating fireplace. In early 1600’s, the first standing stove, or not connected to a wall or mounted to anything, was the Furnus Acapnos, or the smokeless stove, invented by Dalsme. He also introduced fresh fuel in the same opening as combustion air, directing all combustion products over already-burning fuel, a design that ensured complete combustion. The iron box stove, the earliest sto ve to be introduced into North America, was invented by Dr. John Clarke.William cook was the first to propose the way of using steam to heat up rooms, in 1745. In the late 1700’s, M Bonne invented an actual hot water heating system instead of William Cook’s steam heating system. In 1805, William Strutt invented a warm air furnace that had a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased with bricks. This chamber had ducts that fed into rooms and blew heated air into the rooms. The way this chamber was built was to keep the hot air from escaping from the chamber and having heat loss. They were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves.Isaac Orr invented the airtight stove so there would be no heat loss inside the chamber in 1836. Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin, where the only means of room temperature control was to tell the janitor to go to the basement and adjust steam valves. Johnson developed an electric annunciator system in 1873 that was used to signal the janitor when heat needed adjusting. He continued experimenting and in 1885, patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate steam valves. He then established the Johnson Electric Service Co. to manufacture and install his system.Johnson went on to invent the humidistat for control of the humidity in buildings in 1905. In 1905-1908, Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner so that residents could have their own house heated easily without stoking coal in a fireplace every hour. Coal-less Mondays were introduced in 1917 to save coal and stimulate the use for oil and gas since there wasn’t much coal around or to be found regularly. In 1926, the Electric Refrigeration News began to publish that heating had advanced from the campfire in a cave, to something so silent, so unnoticeable.And in present day, thermostat controls air and ducts are fed in a way we can’t see the m and as well as fed to each room through a vent in which air i s blown out of. We take advantage of just â€Å"turning on the heat† every day that we don’t even bother to thing what had to happen way back when to heat thing up. The way of heating has been a system that not everyone thinks about. It has gone from the campfire, to the hypocaust, to stoves, to compressed valves, to thermostats, to an automatic heating with the push of a button. Over time, the way of heating has improved and impressed many along the way.It used to be having a chimney and stoking coals for five minutes ever hour just to keep the coals burning and hot and giving off heat. To progress this way of heating, there cannot be only one inventor. There are many who have created accessories, or major parts to different systems. The inventors go from ancient Roman empires and ancient Greek empires to people we have never heard of, but have improved life as we know it tremendously. This is the way of heating. Going into B. C. years, there were some unknown dates a nd some known dates. First was campfire.We all have heard off the story where cavemen are in a stark cold cave with a campfire. That’s just an obvious fact. Later on the hypocaust was made my ancient Romans and ancient Greeks. The word hypocaust refers to a subfloor radiant heating system: suspended floor with space for gases and hot smoke. The word hypocaust comes from the Latin  word Hypocaustum  which originally meant a ‘burning underneath'. Hypocausts were very important to Roman’s system of heating. The hypocaust heated baths and large rooms. Along with the hypocaust, there were sometimes hollow walls in ancient structures.These hollow walls would help maintain even temperatures as well as eliminate condensation. The small pillars of stacked bricks would have supported a fireproof floor that was heated by means of air circulation in the under floor chamber with an external furnace as heat source. The art and science of the hypocaust systems was lost afte r the fall of the Roman Empire. Western heating science had advanced very little in the period of the Dark Ages. Around 2500B. C fixed central hearths were excavated in Greece. In 80 B. C. Sergius Orata brought high art designs to Roman technology.At first Romans were only heating up their floors, but later used heated walls and some were designed as early as warm air heating systems. By this, introducing heated air through floor openings. This is the end of the B. C. heating ways. Now going into the A. D. times, from 1600-1800 specifically. In the late 1600’s, Dalsme invented the first freestanding stove, not mounted to a wall, called the Furnus Acapnos to the smokeless stove. He also introduced fresh fuel in the same combustion air directing all products over already burning fuel, a design that ensured itself. The smokeless stove was a great advance but, it was accepted slowly.The earliest stove introduced into North America was the cast iron box stove which was invented by Dr. John Clarke in 1652. This kind of stove was originally made in Holland and later imported into England after1600. Louis Savot invented a raised gate system and designed a circulating fireplace. He used a hollow iron bottom and back in a hearth, at which cold air entered the bottom, was warmed, and entered the room through openings, in early 1600’s. In 1653, Sir Hugh Platt proposed using hot water to dry gun powder and Sir Martin Triewald proposed warming greenhouses with hot water.This might be referred to as the hydronic system, which is the heating of an object by water. In 1735, John Desaguiliers designed the first modern heating blower which was turned by hand by an operator referred to as the ventilator for the British Houses of Parliament. The design of centrifugal, acting from or away from the center, blowers was continually improved in England and Europe during 18-19 century. The early fans were mostly operated by steam engines. In the late 1700’s, M. Bonn e in France constructed an actual hot water heating system using a boiler.The French idea was introduced into England by the Marquis de Chabannes later in 1816. By the 1790’s, the steam heating way had only progressed in England, being used to heat mills and factories. The advantage of steam heating is the avoidance of the expense of insurance. This is the end of the 16th and 17th century. Moving ahead to the 18th and 19th century, there were many important events, inventions, and inventors. In England at about 1805, William Strutt had invented at warm air furnace that included a riveted wrought iron air chamber that is encased with bricks.The design had a couple inches of space between the brick and iron chamber allows air to circulate. A large space on the outside is split horizontally on two sections, the lower for cool air and the upper for heated air. Cool air moves from the lower chamber through the openings and moved out through the upper openings into the heated air c hamber. As well as ducts were fed into rooms in which heated air is blown out of them. His hot air furnaces were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves.December of 1815, Marquis de Chabannes obtained a patent for a method of conducting air, and regulating the temperatures in houses or buildings. Hot air systems were introduced in the U. S. before 1820. The fist building to be centrally heated was the Massachusetts Medical College in 1816. In 1831, Angier Perkins realized the drawbacks of bulky heating systems. So he designed a high pressure hot water system using a small diameter, thick walled wrought iron pipe that he patented. His system heated water in pipe coils placed in a furnace, then circulated hot water to coils of pipe in the rooms to be heated.In 1833, Eliphalet Knott invented the base burners for stoves, and in 1836, Isaac Orr invented the air tight stove so that there would be no heat loss. Joseph Nason and James Walworth introduced the Perkins method of high pr essure hot water heating system in the U. S†¦ But in that same year of 1842, the method was not used. The use of hot water systems had been limited till 1880’s when that had surprisingly become popular. Steam heating for residents had rapidly declined and hot water became the dominant method especially in the eastern part of the United States.Joseph and James installed steam systems afterward, using small diameter wrought iron pipes. They installed numerous amounts of steam systems in large buildings, including the White House and the Capitol building. In 1846, James and Nason installed the first fan type system for the United States Customs House in Boston. Later in 1849, F. P. Oliver had invented a stove with thermostatic draft control. By 1851, catalogs started to list cast iron registers, which are often 12-by-24-inch grills covering a large air-intake tube. Outflow vents vary in size depending on the room.A common size is 10 by 12 inches for most living spaces, avai lable in black, white, finished, gold, bronze, or just with nickel plating. They would package them with straw in a wooden crate. Packing was expensive. Stephen Gold was a Connecticut stove maker who began experimenting. The steam heating systems seemed too complicated and unsafe, but furnaces had seemed completely uncomplicated and very safe. Many people were uncomfortable in building heated by air because they had seamed scorched. Gold had overcome these issues and was granted a patent for improvement in warming houses by steam.Gold’s system was unique at the time. Large steam systems used coils or rows of pipe to heat rooms, while Gold used the first radiator, a device consisting of two dimpled iron sheets that were riveted together at dimples. The edges were rolled over with a piece of cord as a gasket, which is a rubber seal. Gold’s radiator came to be called â€Å"the mattress radiator† due to the way it looked, in 1854. In the same year, Gold invented a b oiler which was made of wrought iron and included a draft regulator along with a water valve.This system was later manufactured by Connecticut Steam Heating Company. Radiators date to 1863. Joseph Nason and a new face of Robert Briggs patented a new design including vertical wrought iron tubes screwed into a cast iron base. The golden age for warm air furnaces was after the Civil War. In 1869 a shoemaker by the name of Benjamin F. Sturtevant patented a combination fan and heat exchanger for two purposes: 1) for cooling 2) for heating. He established a company to manufacture and sell fans and heating systems. Here is a story that took place in 1873.Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin where the only way to change the temperature was to run down to the janitor and have him turn the valves of air to change it to either warm or cool. Johnson developed an electric annunciator, which is electronic signaling device, system that was used to signal the janitor when heatin g need to be adjusted. In 1885, he created and patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate the valves. He later established the Johnson Electric Service Company to manufacture and in install his systems. By 1874, Nelson Bundy invented the most popular cast iron radiator.In 1886, Albert Butz patented a thermostat that controlled damp drafts. The thermostat was electric, using battery to activate a spring loaded motor. In the 1890’s, the heating systems were quite sophisticated. Some included thermostatic and zone control, which is a forced air system. All of the early inventions of forced air systems had concerned themselves with large buildings. These combinations of the 1890’s of a fan and a heater were referred to as the plenum or the hot blast systems. In 1895, Charles Foster patented a damper type register. In 1899, Novelty Manufacturing Company was the first to make the steel register.The most successful hot blast system was the Vento sectional cast iron surface invented by John Spear in 1903, which was manufactured by American Radiator Company. Professor Warren Johnson went to invent the humidistat to control the humidity of a home in 1905. In that same year, manufacturers were frightened and formed the Federal Furnace League to elevate warm air heating to the rightfully deserved position. In 1905-1908, Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner so that residents could have their own house heated easily without stoking coal in a fireplace every hour.During 1912, residents and homeowners had to wake up early to stoke the coal in the fire and replace the coal with fresh coal. Guesswork and experience helped tell how much coal to use. The first electric coal stoker that was controlled by a thermostat was invented in 1912, and by 1920 electric coal stokers could be found by anyone. During WWI, there was a coal shortage and the government had to find a way to conserve energy gave a slight nudge to the automatic systems. Lawrence Soule improved his idea of Aerofin heating surfaces. This Aerofin idea used spirally wrapped copper sheets to produce a light weight eat exchanger, during the 1920’s. After WWI, Butz Thermoelectric Regulator Company had pushed the idea of oil burner controls and had met with the Honeywell Heating Specialties in 1927 to form the Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Company, or know to us today as Honeywell Incorporated. The heating systems of the 19th century operated with a low pressure, only using one to two pipes and a boiler or steam engine for the steam source. This is pretty much the last of the 18th-19th century events and inventions. This last paragraph explains the inventions and events in the 20th century.There are four main different types of modern central heating, consisting of gas and oil burners, solid fuel central heating, radiators, and electric heating. Gas and oil burners can be chimneys because they use gas to and oil to burn the wood to make a fire, wh ich warms up the room. Solid fuel central heating systems provide hot water, warm water, or any kind of heated liquid. Radiators  are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. They distribute the heat by natural air circulation.The process of electric heating involves electrical energy being converted to heat through an electrical appliance. Other ways to heat homes are wood stoves, forced air systems, and by radiant heat. We also use thermostats that just â€Å"change† the temperature of rooms by the push of a button, that we often just take advantage of it. Houses often had ducts that come from a furnace that go to each room and blow air when you change the temperature on the thermostat. Some houses have a large panel of widows instead of a wall and the suns radiation waves go through the window and transfer into radiant heat to warm out the house.Another system houses have is called the forced air s ystem. Air is pushed by fans into a furnace and when it comes out, there are more fans after the furnace to push the air down the ducts and into the vents which lead into the room. This leads up to the year of 2013. So as it’s obvious, central heating has come a long way and improved much over the years. Many are impressed by this complicated technology and impressed by the intricate designs and inventions over the years. As spoiled people with high expectations of high quality technology, we have taken advantage of the heating systems.We just â€Å"turn on the heat† or â€Å"turn on the AC† and not even thinking about what has had to happen for this technology to come up to where it is. Heating is very important because without it we would not exist. We would freeze to death, literally. We owe a lot of thanks to all the inventors way back then who made this invention a lifestyle and a luxury. Heating has advanced so tremendously, from the campfire in a cave to something so silent so unnoticeable in life, from the hypocausts to the furnace, from the freestanding stoves to the chimneys.When we use heat or use a thermostat, we don’t tend to think about how heat has progressed. We think about the necessity of warmth, and how we are going to â€Å"freeze to death. † This paper and research has made me more aware of what happened for society to get heat, and has made me appreciate what I have. Fifty-four percent of the energy used in the average home is for heating and cooling rooms, and there are 114,199,622 households in the US as of the 2010 census. That’s a lot of energy used! The most simplistic way to put it is that we take advantage of things we have every day. I am thankful for heat, are you?